Seven Layers = of the Atmosphere

In the Name of God, the Most = Gracious, the=20 Most Merciful =20

Blind = faith is=20 forbidden in Islam

(Quran: 17:36) = =93And follow=20 not that of which you have not the knowledge =85=94

Almighty God=20 tells us to listen and chose the best

(Quran: 39:18) = =93Those who=20 listen to the word, then follow the best of it; those are they whom = Allah has=20 guided,

and those it is who are the men of = understanding.=94

Please read these pages and come = up with=20 your own conclusion

The Holy Quran and Layers of the = Atmosphere:

(Quran: 067-003)
He=20 created the seven heavens (skies) in layers. You do not see any = imperfection=20

in the creation by = the=20 Gracious. Turn your eyes again. Do you see any=20 flaw?

There are two meanings = of saba'a=20 (seven in arabic)

1) It is used for the = number "seven".=20 (Mufridaat-ul-Quran).

2) It is also used in the = meaning of=20 "several" or "many" (lughat-ul-Quran).

Undisputed Facts:=20

Modern=20 science tells us, the atmosphere consist of several layers=20
The Holy=20 Quran refers to different layers (Seven layers) in the atmosphere=20

= (Quran:=20 067-003)

At the=20 time of Prophet, a subject so complex such as the = different=20 layers of our atmosphere

could = not have=20 been known. Especially by a man who did not know how to read or=20 write.

The information below = was gathered=20 by me, Hassan Zamanzadeh from

Dictionaries, = Wikipedia=20 Encyclopedia, and Columbia Encyclopedia describing =

the specific layers of = the=20 atmosphere.

I consider it an = insult to my=20 readers to try to influence them to perceive a subject as I see it.=20

I also am a strong = follower of The=20 Holy Quran, who follows the commands of Almighty God

(Quran:=20 005-077)

=93Say: O = People of the=20 Scripture! Stress not in your religion other than the truth,

and follow not the vain desires of folk who erred = of old and=20 led many astray,

and erred from a plain road.=94

Therefore, Exaggeration about religion is = disobeying the=20 clear command of Almighty God and it is considered a sin.

Having said that, I = will display=20 my research and simply let these materials and information and=20

the verse 3 of chapter = 67 from the=20 Holy Quran speaks for themselves.

1. =20 Troposphere

Dictionary=20 Definition - Source:=20 American Heritage Dictionary

(trō'pə-sf=EEr', trŏp'ə-)

The lowest=20 region of the atmosphere between the earth's surface and the = tropopause,=20

= characterized by=20 decreasing temperature with increasing altitude.

=20 tro'po=B7spher'ic (-sf=EEr'ĭk, -sfěr'-) adj.

Encyclopedia = Defination - = Source: Wikipedia = Encyclopedia

The troposphere is the = lowest=20 portion of Earth's atmosphere.

It is the densest = layer of the=20 atmosphere and contains approximately 75% of the mass of the atmosphere=20

and almost all the = water vapor and=20 aerosol. The troposphere extends from the Earth's surface up to the = tropopause=20

where the stratosphere = begins. The=20 depth of the troposphere is greatest along the equator (about 20 km) and = smallest

at the poles (about 7 = km). The=20 lower part, where friction on the Earth's surface influences with air = flow,=20

is the planetary = boundary layer or=20 peplosphere which is 2 km deep on average, depending on the landform,=20

and which is separated = from the=20 rest of the troposphere by the capping inversion = layer.

The word troposphere = stems from=20 the Greek "tropos" for "turning" or "mixing."

The troposphere is the = most=20 turbulent part of the atmosphere and is the part of the atmosphere in = which most=20 weather

phenomena are seen. = Generally, jet=20 aircraft fly just above the troposphere to avoid=20 turbulence.

2. =20 Stratosphere

Dictionary = Definition -=20 Source: = Dictionary.com Unabridged

strat=B7o=B7sphere

=96noun =

1. the region of the = upper=20 atmosphere extending upward from the tropopause to about 30 miles (50 = km) above=20 the earth,

characterized by = little=20 vertical change in temperature. =20

2. (formerly) all of = the earth's=20 atmosphere lying outside the troposphere. =20

3. any great height or = degree, as=20 the highest point of a graded scale. =20

Encyclopedia = Definition -=20 Source: Columbia = Encyclopedia

Stratosphere, second = lowest layer=20 of the earth's atmosphere.

The level from which = it extends=20 outward varies with latitude; it begins c.51/2 mi (9 km) above the = poles,=20

c.6 or 7 mi (c.10 or = 11 km) in the=20 middle latitudes, and c.10 mi (16 km) at the equator, =

and extends outward = c.20 mi (32=20 km). It is a zone of dry, thin air, cold and clear, with a horizontal=20 temperature gradient,

that, in its lower = level, is the=20 reverse of that near the earth's surface. In polar regions the = temperature is=20 -40=B0F;

to -50=B0F; (-40=B0C; = to -46=B0C;), but=20 near the equator it ranges from -80=B0F; to below -100=B0F; (-62=B0C; to = below=20 -74=B0C;);

in the middle = latitudes it remains=20 steady at about -67=B0F; (-55=B0C;). The stratified variations in = temperature were=20 deduced from

the behavior of sound = waves=20 transmitted through the atmosphere, which travel faster in warm air than = in cold=20 air.

Weather balloons = carrying=20 electronic equipment are launched to ascertain conditions in the = stratosphere;=20

information on this = atmospheric=20 layer is also acquired from earth-orbiting = satellites.

Within the = stratosphere at=20 altitudes of 12 to 30 mi (19-48 km) is the ozone layer. =

Its capacity to = intercept most of=20 the sun's ultraviolet rays is fundamental to the maintenance of life on = the=20 earth.

Without this filtering = effect, the=20 sun's full radiation would destroy animal tissue, but sufficient = ultraviolet=20 radiation reaches

the earth to support = the=20 activation of vitamin D in humans. Elevated temperatures found in the = ozone=20 layer result from

its absorption of = radiant=20 energy.

Measurements of = Antarctica's ozone layer have registered a = consistent=20 seasonal "hole," or thinning,

in the layer above the = South Pole=20 since 1985, and since then similar thinnings have been found over other = areas of=20 the world.

There is evidence that = the ozone=20 is being broken down by chlorine atoms that are released when sunlight = breaks=20

up substances such as=20 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Montreal Protocol and its amendments now ban = these=20 substances

and have set time = limits on the=20 production of others that may also affect the ozone = layer.

3. =20 Ozone=20 layer

Dictionary = Definition -=20 Source: The American = Heritage Science=20 Dictionary=20

A region of the upper = atmosphere=20 containing relatively high levels of ozone, located mostly within the=20 stratosphere,

with the greatest = concentrations=20 occurring from about 15 to 30 km (10 to 19 mi) above the Earth's = surface.=20

The ozone absorbs large = amounts of=20 solar ultraviolet radiation, preventing it from reaching the Earth's = surface.=20

The concentration of = ozone in the=20 ozone layer is usually under 10 parts per million. =

Also called = Ozonosphere.=20 o=B7zo=B7no=B7sphere//=20 Pronunciation Key=20 - Show=20 Spelled Pronunciation

Encyclopedia = Definition =96=20 Source: Columbia = Encyclopedia

Ozone layer or = ozonosphere, region=20 of the stratosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone,=20

located at altitudes = of 12-30 mi=20 (19-48 km) above the earth's surface. Ozone in the ozone layer is formed = by=20

the action of solar = ultraviolet=20 light on oxygen. The=20 ozone layer prevents most ultraviolet (UV)

and other high-energy = radiation=20 from penetrating to the earth's surface but does allow through = sufficient=20 ultraviolet rays

to support the = activation of=20 vitamin D in humans. The full radiation, if unhindered by this filtering = effect,=20

would destroy animal = tissue.=20 Higher levels of radiation resulting from the depletion of the ozone = layer have=20 been linked

with increases in skin = cancers and=20 cataracts and have been implicated in the decline of certain amphibian=20 species.

In 1974 scientists = warned that=20 certain industrial chemicals, e.g., chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and to a = lesser=20 extent,

halons and carbon = tetrachloride,=20 could migrate to the stratosphere. There, sunlight could free the = chlorine or=20

bromine atoms to form = chlorine=20 monoxide or other chemicals, which would deplete upper-atmospheric = ozone.=20

A seasonal decrease, = or "hole,"=20 discovered in 1985 in the ozone layer above Antarctica was

the first confirmation = of a=20 thinning of the layer. The hole occurs over Antarctica because the extreme cold helps=20

the very high clouds=20 characteristic of that area form tiny ice particles of water and nitric = acid,=20 which facilitate

the chemical reactions = involved.=20 In addition, the polar winds, which follow a swirling pattern, create a = confined=20 vortex,

trapping the = chemicals. When the=20 Antarctic spring sun rises in August or September and hits the trapped=20 chemicals,

a chain reaction = begins in which=20 chlorine, bromine (from the halons), and ice crystals react with the = ozone=20

and destroy it very = quickly. The=20 effect usually lasts through November. There is a corresponding hole = over=20

the Arctic that similarly appears in the spring, = although in=20 some years warmer winters there do not result in a major =

depletion of the ozone = layer. A=20 global thinning of the ozone layer results as ozone-rich air from=20

the remaining ozone = layer flows=20 into the ozone-poor areas.

Minimum ozone levels = in the=20 Antarctic decreased steadily throughout the 1990s, and less dramatic = decreases=20

have been found above = other areas=20 of the world. In 2000 (and again in 2003 and 2006) the hole reached a = record=20 size,

extending over more = than 10.5=20 million sq mi (27 million sq km), an area greater than that of = North America.

In 1987 an = international=20 agreement, the Montreal Protocol, was reached on reducing the production =

of ozone-depleting = compounds.=20 Revisions in 1992 called for an end to the production of the worst=20

of such compounds by = 1996, and CFC=20 emissions dropped dramatically by 1993. Recovery of the ozone layer,=20

however, is expected = to take 50 to=20 100 years. Damage to the ozone layer can also be caused by sulfuric acid =

droplets produced by = volcanic=20 eruptions.

4. =20 Mesosphere

Dictionary = Definition -=20 Source: = American Heritage Dictionary

mes=B7o=B7sphere =20 (měz'ə-sf=EEr', měs'-) =20

The=20 portion of the atmosphere from about 30 to 80 kilometers (20 to 50 = miles)=20 above the earth's surface,

= characterized by=20 temperatures that decrease from 10=B0C to -90=B0C (50=B0F to -130=B0F) = with increasing=20 altitude.

= mes'o=B7spher'ic=20 (-sf=EEr'ĭk, -sfěr'-) adj.

Encyclopedia = Defination -=20 Source: Wikipedia=20 Encyclopedia

The mesosphere (from = the Greek=20 words mesos =3D middle and sphaira =3D ball) is the layer of the Earth's = atmosphere=20

that is directly above = the=20 stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere.

The mesosphere is = located about=20 50-80/85km above Earth's surface. Within this layer, =

temperature decreases = with=20 increasing altitude. The main dynamical features in this region are = atmospheric=20 tides,

internal atmospheric = gravity waves=20 (usually just called "gravity waves") and planetary waves. Most of these = waves=20 and

tides are excited in = the=20 troposphere and lower stratosphere, from where they propagate upwards to = the=20 mesosphere.

In the mesosphere, = gravity-wave=20 amplitudes can become so large that the waves dissipate, =

depositing energy and = momentum=20 into the mesosphere. The momentum deposited by these dissipating gravity = waves=20

largely drives the = global=20 circulation of the mesosphere.

Because it lies = between the=20 maximum altitude for most aircraft and the minimum altitude for most = spacecraft,=20

for a long time this = region of the=20 atmosphere has only been accessed through the use of sounding rockets.=20

As a result the region = is one of=20 the most poorly understood in the atmosphere. This has led the = mesosphere and=20

the lower thermosphere = to be=20 jokingly referred to by scientists as the ignorosphere

Temperatures in the = upper=20 mesosphere fall as low as -100=B0C (-146=B0F or 173 K) , =

varying according to = latitude and=20 season. Millions of meteors burn up daily in the mesosphere as a result = of=20 collisions

with the gas particles = contained=20 there, leading to a high concentration of iron and other metal atoms.=20

The collisions almost = always=20 create enough heat to burn the falling objects long before they reach = the=20 ground.

The stratosphere and = mesosphere=20 are referred to as the middle atmosphere.

The mesopause, at an = altitude of=20 about 80 km, separates the mesosphere from the=20 thermosphere=97

the second-outermost = layer of the=20 Earth's atmosphere. This is also around the same altitude as the = turbopause,=20

below which different = chemical=20 species are well mixed due to turbulent eddies.

Above this level the = scale heights=20 of different chemical species will differ. Noctilucent clouds are = located in the=20 mesosphere.

5. =20 Thermosphere

Dictionary = Definition -=20 Source: The = American Heritage Science = Dictionary

(th=FBr'mə-sf=EEr')=20

The region of the = Earth's upper=20 atmosphere lying above the mesosphere and extending from a height of=20

approximately 80 km (50 = mi) to=20 between 550 and 700 km (341 and 434 mi) above the Earth's surface.=20

In the thermosphere = temperatures=20 increase steadily with altitude,

reaching as high as = 1,727=B0C=20 (3,140=B0F) at the highest elevations.

Chemical reactions = occur much=20 faster here than on the surface of the Earth.

See also exosphere, = mesosphere,=20 stratosphere, troposphere.

Encyclopedia = Definition =96=20 Source Wikipedia=20 Encyclopedia =

The thermosphere is = the layer of=20 the earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and directly below = the=20 exosphere.

Within this layer, = ultraviolet=20 radiation causes ionization. (see also: ionosphere). It is the fourth=20 atmospheric layer from earth.

The thermosphere, = named from the=20 Greek θερμός (thermos) for heat, begins = about 80 km above the earth.=20

At these high = altitudes, the=20 residual atmospheric gases sort into strata according to molecular mass = (see=20 turbosphere).

Thermospheric = temperatures=20 increase with altitude due to absorption of highly energetic solar = radiation by=20 the small amount

of residual oxygen = still present.=20 Temperatures are highly dependent on solar activity, and can rise to = 2,000=B0C.=20

Radiation causes the = air particles=20 in this layer to become electrically charged (see ionosphere), enabling = radio=20 waves

to bounce off and be = received=20 beyond the horizon. At the exosphere, beginning at 500 to 1,000km above = the=20 earth's surface,

the atmosphere blends = into space.=20 The few particles of gas here can reach 2,500=B0C (4500=B0F) during the = day.=20

Even though the = temperature is so=20 high, one would not feel warm in the thermosphere. =

A normal thermometer = would read=20 significantly below 0=B0C. This is due to the distance between the few = molecules=20 that are present.

The dynamics of the = lower=20 thermosphere (below about 120 km) is dominated by atmospheric tide which = is=20 driven, in part,

by the very = significant diurnal=20 heating. The atmospheric tide dissipates above this level since = molecular=20 concentrations do not

support the coherent = motion needed=20 for fluid flow.

The International = Space Station=20 has a stable orbit within the upper part of the thermosphere, between = 320 and=20 380 kilometers.

The Northern Lights = also occur in=20 the upper thermosphere.

6. =20 Ionosphere

Dictionary = Definition -=20 Source: = American Heritage Dictionary

i=B7on=B7o=B7sphere =20 (ī-ŏn'ə-sf=EEr')

A region=20 of the earth's atmosphere where ionization caused by incoming solar = radiation=20 affects

the = transmission=20 of radio waves. It extends from a height of 70 kilometers (43 miles) to = 400=20 kilometers (250 miles)

above = the=20 surface.

=20 i=B7on'o=B7spher'ic (-sf=EEr'ĭk, -sfěr'-) = adj.

Encyclopedia = Definition =96=20 Source: Columbia = Encyclopedia

Ionosphere, series of = concentric=20 ionized layers forming part of the upper atmosphere of the earth from = around=20

30 to 50 mi (50 to 80 = km) to 250=20 to 370 mi (400 to 600 km) where it merges with the magnetosphere,=20

the region of the Van = Allen=20 radiation belts. The degree of ionization and the heights of the ionized = layers=20 fluctuate

on a daily and a = seasonal basis=20 and show latitudinal variations as well. Causes for other variations in=20 characteristics

may include changes in = the amount=20 of ultraviolet radiation received from the sun and effects of the = earth's=20 magnetic field.

Ionization of nitrogen = and oxygen=20 molecules from X-rays and ultraviolet radiation from the sun produces a = layer=20

of charged particles = which allows=20 radio waves to be reflected around the world. Such activity makes = possible=20 long-distance

wireless = communication. The layers=20 comprising the ionosphere are the D layer, E layer, and F layer (divided = into=20 F-1 and F-2).

The lower layers have the = lowest=20 concentration of charged particles and reflect low frequency waves.=20

The middle layers are = called the=20 Kennelly-Heaviside layers (named after Oliver Heaviside in = England and A.=20 E. Kennelly

in the United=20 States who independently discovered the = existence and effects of the ionosphere);

while the Appleton, or = highest=20 layer, has the highest concentration of charged particles due to the low = density=20 of gases.

7. =20 Exosphere

Dictionary = Definition -=20 Source: The = American Heritage Science = Dictionary

(ěk'sō-sf=EEr')=20

The outermost region of = the Earth's=20 atmosphere, beginning at an altitude of approximately 550 km to 700 km = (341 to=20 434 mi)

and merging with the = interplanetary=20 medium at around 10,000 km (6,200 mi).

The exosphere consists = chiefly of=20 ionized hydrogen, which creates the geocorona by reflecting = far-ultraviolet=20 light from the Sun.

On the remote edges of = the=20 exosphere, hydrogen atoms are so sparse that each cubic centimeter might = contain=20 only one atom;

furthermore, the = pressure and=20 gravity are weak enough that atoms in the exosphere can escape entirely = and=20 drift into space.

Artificial satellites = generally=20 orbit in this region.

Encyclopedia = Definition =96=20 Source Wikipedia=20 Encyclopedia

The exosphere is the = uppermost=20 layer of the atmosphere. On Earth, its lower boundary at the edge of=20

the thermosphere is = estimated to=20 be 500 km to 1000 km above the Earth's surface,

and its upper boundary = at about=20 10,000 km. It is only from the exosphere that atmospheric gases, atoms,=20

and molecules can, to = any=20 appreciable extent, escape into space. The main gases within the = exosphere are=20 the lightest gases,

mainly hydrogen, with = some helium,=20 carbon dioxide, and atomic oxygen near the exobase. =

The exosphere is the = last layer=20 before space. The atmosphere in this layer is sufficiently rarefied for=20 satellites to orbit the Earth,

although they still = receive some=20 atmospheric drag. Exobase, also called the critical level, the lowest = altitude=20 of the exosphere,

is defined in one of = two ways: The=20 height above which there are negligible atomic collisions between the = particles=20 and

The height above which = the=20 constituent atoms are on purely ballistic = trajectories.

So, what do=20 you think?

Is this=20 another miracle of The Holy Quran, or is it just a coincidence = that over=20 14 centuries ago an uneducated man who could not even read or = write;=20 speaks about a subject so complex that today=92s science is = proving=20 it to be an undisputed fact?

الله=20 اکبر

O=92 God thank you for the Holy = Quran =93This=20 wonderful timeless miracle=94

Please guide all of us to the = straight=20 path.

You (alone) we worship; You = (alone) we ask=20 for help.

Hassan=20 Zamanzadeh

www.Quran-Farsi.net

Islam means = =93Submission to=20 the will of God=94

Dictionary Definition = of=20 Islam:

noun

A religion, founded by = Muhammad,=20 whose members worship the One God of Jews and Christians =

(God is called Allah in = Arabic) and=20 follow the teachings of the Quran.

Islam means = =93Submission to the will=20 of God=94; adherents of Islam are called Muslims.

The fundamental belief = of Islam is=20 =93There is only one God, and Muhammad is his = prophet.=94

Muslims are obliged to = pray five=20 times a day, to fast in the daytime during the holy month of Ramadan,=20

to abstain from pork = and alcohol,=20 and to make gifts to the poor. All of them are expected to make a = pilgrimage to=20 Mecca,=20

at least once in their = lives if=20 they are able.

(Quran = =96 005:032)=20

=93=85if any one kills a person - unless it be = for murder=20 or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he = killed all=20 mankind:

and if any = one saved a=20 life, it would be as if he saved the life of all mankind = =85=94=20

According to this verse, = anyone who=20 kills an innocent person is not following the teachings of The = Holy Quran=20 - therefore is not walking in the path of Islam.

The article by Dr. Gilani =93Do you know what Islam = is about?=94=20 on this site is highly recommended for anyone who likes to learn about=20 Islam.

Please feel free to contact me if you want more = copies.

Of course, you are welcome to make copies from = these pages=20 and distribute them.

May Almighty God bless you,

Hassan Zamanzadeh

Los=20 Angeles, California

QuranFarsi@yahoo.com

http://www.quran-farsi.net/ =